Chapter Introduction

Each chapter starts with IN THIS CHAPTER section which provides an insight into the chapter.

Textual Matter

The TEXTUAL MATTER is systematic and easy-to-understand, and is supplemented by neatly drawn and well-labelled diagrams.

Review Summary

The REVIEW AT A GLANCE provides a brief summary of the chapter for quick revision.

Useful Information

The USEFUL INFORMATION section contains important facts for competitive examinations.

Exercises

The EXERCISES include Illustrative questions (Question–Answer form), NCERT Textbook Questions (Solved), NCERT Exemplar Questions (Solved), and Hots Questions (Solved).

Practice Questions

The PRACTICE QUESTIONS include Very Short Answer Type Questions, Short Answer Type–I Questions, Short Answer Type–II Questions, and Long Answer Type Questions.

Competition Corner

The COMPETITION CORNER includes MCQs and Assertion & Reason Type Questions.

Value-Based Questions

A special section on VALUE-BASED QUESTIONS has been included at the end of the book.